By Antonio P. Mallarino, Department of Agronomy
It's that time of the season when many producers wonder if foliar fertilization could help improve soybean growth and grain yield, and some also wonder about corn. They wonder if pre-plant fertilization was adequate; if late planting dates, replanting and cold or excessively wet conditions limited early nutrient uptake; or if assumed adequate soil nutrient levels may limit yield when growing conditions are excellent.
Foliar fertilization should be viewed as a complement of pre-plant fertilization or a "rescue" treatment. Only a very small fraction of the needed amount of nutrients can be applied to the foliage because high nutrient concentrations in the leaf surface have toxic or salt-induced damaging effects, and repeated applications would be too costly.
Information from research
Hundreds of field trials conducted across the Midwest before the 1990s focused on foliar fertilization of soybean, with a few for corn, mainly during the reproductive growth stages (R1 or more advanced). Fertilizers included nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and sulfur (S), although several trials included micronutrients. Researchers thought that foliar applied nutrients at these stages would delay leaf senescence and minimize "seed starvation" when nutrient uptake from soil or N gas fixation by nodulated soybean was limited. A few Iowa trials in the middle 1970s suggested that spraying an N-P-K-S mixture at the R5 or R6 growth stages could increase yield by seven to eight bu/acre. However, several subsequent trials in Iowa and other Midwest states until the early 2000s showed inconsistent results, with an equal frequency of yield increases and decreases.
My ISU research group's most recent study with foliar fertilization of soybean at the R2 to R3 growth stages was in 2005 and 2006. The results were summarized in an ICM News article last summer. Treatments included foliar fertilization (3 gal/acre of 3-18-18 sprayed at either the V5 or R2/R3 growth stages or at both stages, and 3.3 gal/acre of 28 percent UAN at the R2/R3 stage), fungicide applied alone at the R2/R3 stage (Headline®), and a tank mix of the fungicide with 3-18-18 or UAN. On average, the fungicide increased yield by 2.9 bu/acre and delayed leaf senescence, although disease control was observed only for brown spot in three fields. Spraying 3-18-18 fertilizer on average did not affect yield, but spraying with UAN decreased yield. The UAN application caused moderate leaf burning and the 3-18-18 application caused no burning.
A great deal of research in Iowa since the the middle 1990s focused on spraying nutrients to soybean at early growth stages. My research group conducted about 100 trials in which treatments were spraying foliar fertilizers with or without a tank mix with glyphosate herbicide at the V5 to V7 growth stages. The commercial products tested (not all products were included in all trials) included 8-0-8, 3-18-18, 10-10-10 (N-P2O5-K2O) with the two N-P-K products with or without S and with or without the micronutrients boron (B), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn). Product rates ranged from two to six gal/acre applied once or twice (spaced 8 to 10 days). Foliar fertilization increased yield in 15 to 30 percent of fields, and about 15 percent of fields on average. The average response to the best treatment across all fields was 0.7 bu/acre. Yield with single or double applications did not differ consistently. Treatment differences were not consistent across fields, but yield increases tended to be higher for the three gal/acre rate of 3-18-18. Adding S or micronutrients did not produce higher yield, and the highest rate of 10-10-10 and 8-0-8 sometimes reduced yield (some leaf burn was observed). A recent study in northeast Iowa by ISU Extension field agronomist Brian Lang showed a small soybean yield response to foliar applied manganese (Mn) only in one of three years.
Unfortunately, as explained in an ICM News article last summer, plant tissue testing is not a good index of P and K fertilizer needs for corn or soybean. This is also the case for other nutrients, mainly due to a lack of recent calibration research in Iowa or neighboring states showing how nutrient levels in plant tissue relate to crop response to fertilization. Iowa State University research continues addressing this issue for N, P, K, and S, however, and a new project is beginning to focus on micronutrients.
So what can be recommended?
- Consider foliar fertilization carefully, and don't expect an economic yield increase in most fields. The probability of a yield response increases when pre-plant fertilization rates were lower than recommended; there are nutrient deficiency symptoms; or soil or climatic factors (other than drought) limit nutrient uptake in late spring or early summer.
- Plant tissue testing together with soil testing for areas within a field that show deficiency symptoms or poor growth compared with unaffected areas may be useful to make decisions about foliar fertilization. You must be aware of possibly misleading results, however, because several growth factors can increase or reduce the nutrient concentration in tissue.
- Although there are no clear rules, avoid high rates of N, K, or S because may cause leaf burn and a yield decrease. Also avoid spraying early or during the day in days with prognosticated high temperature (temperatures below about 80 to 85 degrees should be safe mainly for low-salt products), and do it in the evening instead.
Antonio Mallarino is a professor of agronomy, with research and extension responsibilities in soil fertility and nutrient management. Mallarino can be reached at apmallar@iastate.edu or by calling (515) 294-6200.
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Antonio Mallarino Professor of Soil Fertility and Nutrient Management, Extension Specialist
Dr. Antonio Mallarino is a professor of agronomy and nutrient management research and an extension specialist at Iowa State University. His programs focus on agronomic and environmental issues of nutrient management with emphasis on phosphorus, potassium, lime, and micronutrients. Issues addresse...