'Fly Free' Date for Hessian Fly

August 31, 2012
ICM News

By Erin Hodgson, Department of Entomology

With farmers harvesting corn early this year due to the drought, some are asking about planting a cover crop to manage soil erosion. Although this practice is not standard in Iowa, there are some insect-related issues to consider when planting crops in the fall. Hessian fly (Photo 1) is a potentially destructive pest in winter wheat; however, cultural control can minimize the potential damage and economic loss.

Photo 1. Hessian fly is a dark, fragile midge. Photo by Pest and Diseases Image Library, www.ipmimages.org.

 Life cycle

The Hessian fly has two generations per year in Iowa. They overwinter as resting pupae, often referred to as a "flaxseeds" (Photo 2). Adults emerge as volunteer spring wheat and early-seeded winter wheat start to grow. Females lay about 300 eggs in four days. Although wheat is the preferred host plant, they will also deposit eggs in barley and rye. The eggs are reddish and very small, usually laid end-to-end in small groups on the upper leaf surface. Larvae (maggots) prefer to feed within the grooves of the wheat leaf sheath and stem until they pupate before harvest. Hessian flies spend the summer as flaxseeds in wheat stubble, and the second generation emerges in the fall to feed on emerging winter wheat.

Photo 2. Hessian fly pupae look like flaxseeds. Photo by Kansas State University Extension.

Damage

Larvae cause injury to wheat by feeding on leaves, tillers and stems. Hessian flies are considered an economic pest in the fall because they can cause significant damage that can stunt or kill plants. As seed heads begin to fill, heavily infested plants can lodge. High humidity is needed for a significant infestation to develop.

Management

Evaluating Hessian fly activity and severity is the first step to understanding future management. Discouraging females from laying eggs in wheat is an important cultural control strategy. Start scouting for larvae and flaxseeds in mid-September and October. Check areas of the field with poor stands or stunted plants and examine the base of the plant (first and second nodes) by pulling the leaf sheath away from the stem. Foliar insecticides will not make contact with larvae inside the plant, but follow these guidelines to protect yield:

  1. Destroy volunteer wheat, especially during wet years, to minimize favorable host plants. Mated females will have difficulty finding suitable hosts for their eggs and further reduce the overwintering population if all the volunteer wheat is removed.
  2. Plant a resistant wheat variety to discourage females from depositing eggs. Typically, resistant wheat varieties provide sufficient protection against the Hessian fly and growers do not have to adjust planting dates. Take into consideration Hessian fly-resistant wheat may not have the same yield potential as susceptible varieties.
  3. Plant after the fly-free date to reduce the risk of Hessian fly infestations (Fig. 1). Adults are short-lived, so planting after recommended historical dates can improve the overwintering stand conditions. Planting after the fly-free date will not always prevent Hessian fly infestations, but it will lower the risk. Mild fall and winter temperatures have reduced the effectiveness of the fly-free date in the United States because some adults can still be active until frost begins. It should be noted that planting too late may prevent good plant establishment. Very late-planted wheat will be attractive to egg-laying females the following spring.
  4. Avoid overuse of nitrogen fertilizers so that wheat plants will not overproduce vegetative growth.
  5. Practice crop rotation because the adults are weak fliers and they have a limited host range.

Figure 1. Estimated Hessian-fly free dates in Iowa.

Hessian fly is a relatively rare pest in Iowa because small grains are not abundantly grown. Although a historical fly-free date has been established, it is based on studies from almost 90 years ago. It provides a planting guideline for those farmers planting small grains on a regular basis and have experienced Hessian fly damage. This strategy is more effective when implemented on a large scale. Also take into consideration the exceptionally warm spring and summer has accelerated the development of most insects, so the fly-free date might actually be 7-10 days ahead of the estimations on the map.

If a cover crop is established this fall primarily for minimizing soil erosion, select a planting date best suited for good root establishment rather than based on the fly-free date. Also consider planting a non-host cover crop, like oats, to discourage females from laying eggs.

To learn more information about Hessian fly, read the original publication from Kansas State University. Portions of this article originally appeared in a previous ICM article.

Erin Hodgson is an assistant professor of entomology with extension and research responsibilities. Contact her at ewh@iastate.edu or phone 515-294-2847.

Links to this article are strongly encouraged, and this article may be republished without further permission if published as written and if credit is given to the author, Integrated Crop Management News, and Iowa State University Extension and Outreach. If this article is to be used in any other manner, permission from the author is required. This article was originally published on August 31, 2012. The information contained within may not be the most current and accurate depending on when it is accessed.

Author: 

Erin Hodgson Professor

Dr. Erin Hodgson started working in the Department of Entomology, now the Department of Plant Pathology, Entomology, and Microbiology, at Iowa State University in 2009. She is a professor with extension and research responsibilities in corn and soybeans. She has a general background in integrated...